2.
   2021
/  
  - VI
: 3     :100
:            
       
I.  ,      
II.     ?    , OLS     
   

4
6
10
8
12
16
18

6
8
4
6
8
10
iii.      
IV.         :
:
65, 57, 57, 54, 66
  :
26, 13, 16, −7, 27
Y = α + βX         
      β = 0   β ≠ 0   5%    '

2.
V.       ?    
  ?
vi.      ,     ?
.    ?         
'  
-   ,       
2.
   2021
/  
  - VI
: 3     :100
:              
     
I.   ,      
: -
          ,      
       
        
    ?  ,         

 ,       ?       
 
 
        -    
    ,          '
   ,           
   ,          
    ,         
  
   ""     
  -         
         :
1.  ,     
2.
   
  - ,       
 
    ,   "   ,   "
            
 -           
 
 ,          
  ,              
    
2.    
           ( )  
 ,    ,    ,     
      '   
  "    
 
 "   ,  -        
     
3.   
   ,         , 
      
 :  = 5000 + 0.8 ()
         ,       
     
 
4. -   '   
             ,
         ,     
          
  ,           
    
5.  
               
 ,              
   
2.
     
,        

 
  
""   
           
   
         
1.    
                

 ,          ,      
                 
2.  
   
   '     
        ?
 -     ?
      ?
           
     
3.  
         
 :
     
     
    
   
                 
        
4.   
2.
,      ,         
    
          :
      ?
    ?
     ?
      
 
5.   
          
 
       :
  
 
  
   
 ,          '    
     
6.    
       ,    ,     
        
 ,                
  
7.  
        
    , 
,             
    ,        
     
  
2.
    ,    
    ,   
 
1.   ' 
             , ,   ,  
   
   : "   ,    "       
2.      
      ,     
 , , ,        
        '    
3.     
  , -    
  ,  
      
 ,            
    
4.    
             
 ,       
                

5.    
  
         ,        
    
 ,             , 
     
      
6.   
               ,  
           
2.
 ,        
7.    

    '       -  
, ,    -    
 ,       

      '     -  
        ,    
,             
  ,        ,   ,
 , ,        ,    
 
           
 , 
         
  -  ,      
   
     ,     ,    
   ,          
    
II.      ?    , OLS    
    

4
6
10
8
12
16
18

6
8
4
6
8
10
:      OLS 
              

        ,     ' --
   (OLS)   
1.       ?
            :
2.
o   (X):  
o   (Y):   
   
  
     :
:
=  (Y    X = 0  )
=  (X      Y  )
=   (X        )
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :     
"  - "  , 

   Y X    
2.  -  (OLS) 
OLS           
               

 ()   ()    :
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜
3.   


󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 : X  7    Y   6         ,
 (X, Y)                 

    :
󰇛
󰇜󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜󰇛
󰇜
4. -- OLS 
a)    



2.


b)      ()
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜


4
-5.33
-1
5.33
6
-3.33
1
-3.33
10
0.67
-3
-2.00
8
-1.33
-1
1.33
12
2.67
1
2.67
16
6.67
3
20.00
Sum 
c)       ()
󰇛
󰇜


4
-5.33
28.44
6
-3.33
11.11
10
0.67
0.44
8
-1.33
1.78
12
2.67
7.11
16
6.67
44.44
Sum 
d)      



󰇛󰇜
5.   

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:
,   
X   1   , Y  0.26   
6.    
:  X  Y        
 :
   X Y    
2.
 :,      
 
               
   OLS            
   ,     :

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :     Y  4.6      X    
( 0.26 )  
III.      
: -     
           ,    
   '        -   
       
          
   (OLS)      ' 
  
    --          
 
󷄧󼿒-   ? ()
-    :
        ,   
(OLS)       
  ,        () 
          :
        (-   ) 

        
2.
,       
          
   
         :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    ,       OLS    
  
 
󷄧󼿒   
?
   
             
     
            ,  - 
   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔OLS             
          -   
  
󷄧󼿒-   
    ,           
         
1.  
       

:
=  
=  
= 
=  
2.
2.    
󰇛󰇜
       -   ,    - 
  
3.   ()
󰇛󰇜
         
                 
4.  - 
    
 
 ,       
 
5.   - 
      
 
 ,             

󷄧󼿒OLS  
OLS      :
󰆹
󰇛
󰆒
󰇜

󰆒
2.
                  
    
󷄧󼿒-   
  
  ,     

 :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔OLS 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
   OLS      
 1: OLS  
󰆹
󰇛
󰆒
󰇜

󰆒
     :
󰇛
󰆹
󰇜
  OLS  
 2:      '  
    :

 C   
   :
󰇛
󰇜
2.
  :

(   )
 3:    

      :
󰆹

    :

(   
 )
 4:    
OLS  :
󰇛
󰆹
󰇜
󰇛
󰆒
󰇜

   :
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰆹
󰇜
   :
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰆹
󰇜󰇛󰇜

   -  :
󰇛󰇜
2.
 ,
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰆹
󰇜
󽇐   

  :
OLS  
           
     OLS   

   :
OLS       () 
󷄧󼿒         
󷄧󼿒 - 
                 
          (OLS)     
    
     ,      -  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
    -   
󷄧󼿒     ( )
          ,     
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: OLS  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  ,   ,  ,  - 
,    -
 
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   :            OLS -

       
󷄧󼿒 
      -    OLS     
 
󽆱  

       :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 +  
          -     

󷄧󼿒     
  
    
 -    
:
 

     
 
  
   ,  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  -   
 
󷄧󼿒 
-           
   
   
   
    
    ,  -   
        
2.
           ,    -  
 -    
           
.         :
:
65, 57, 57, 54, 66
  :
26, 13, 16, −7, 27
Y = α + βX         
      β = 0   β ≠ 0   5%    '

:      
          :
1.    
2.            
3.   ()     
  , -    -- 
1. R²   
R² (  ):
o       (Y)      (X) 
  
o  :




: - SSR =     - SSE =     - SST =    
  R²:
o           
o           
o  :
2.
Adjusted
󰇧
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜
󰇨
: - =    - =    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :
²        
              
      
2.   
  (X = ):65, 57, 57, 54, 66
  (Y =   ):26, 13, 16, -7, 27

   :

3. -- OLS 
a)    



󰇛󰇜


b)     ()
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜


65
5.2
11
57.2
57
-2.8
-2
5.6
57
-2.8
1
-2.8
54
-5.8
-22
127.6
66
6.2
12
74.4
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜

󰇜




c)     ()
2.
󰇛󰇜
d)  

4. R²   


 1:  Y        , :

󰇛󰇜
(   X    )
 2: SST ( )   
󰇛
󰇜
 3: SSE ( )   
󰇛
󰇜
 4: SSR = SST - SSE
 ,

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
5.  

       (k = 1)  n = 5  ,
Adjusted
󰇧
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜
󰇨
         
6.   

  :
2.
  (): (  
)
  (): .
 :
󰆹
󰇛
󰆹
󰇜
     󰇛
󰆹
󰇜
 > t-     (5%  '     ),  

  ≈ 3.182
 ,    - (SE     )   ' 
  ,       '   
 
²
             
            
   :

           ,    
'    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :      ,    
  ,            

.       ?   
   ?
:    -  :    
  ,           
          (  
   )         (   
)         ,    
2.
     ,           
 
,      ,      
             
,            
 --  
    
  ?
               
          ,      
     
   
    '         
       
     
  ( -
 ),              
     
   
      
     
               
             :
   (  )
  
   
    -      '          
          ,     
           
   
?
  ', -    
 
    
               
  
1.   
     -  ,       
             
2.
 ,           '   
  ,      ,        
       
 
2.       
-     
       
     
                ,  
  
        ,     ,
        
3.   
               
      ,           
   '   
            
 
 -
    
4.    
          ,    
    ,      '        

      
5.     (  )
 -       
 
,  
         '  
,   
  
-     
2.

      ,      
               
  
1. - 
       -       -
 
 
 - +1  -1   ,     - 
 
    ', 0.8  0.9         
,         
        
   - 
 
2.    (VIF)
  ,    ' VIF   ,       
    -          
 -:
VIF = 1 →   
1  5   VIF →  -
5   VIF (     10) →  -
 VIF    
        
3.  
 VIF   
:
 = 1 / VIF
   (0.1  0.2  ) - 
 
2.
4.    
       -      
30        -    
             
   ,     
-   
   -    ,       
 ,      
1. -    
        ,        

 , "  "  "  "     , 

           
 
            
2.  
   -        
 :
           
        
        
 
3.    
2.
               
            
 
4.    
           , 
()   -   
        
,     
 
5.      
   -      :
 :        
 :    
 ,    
 
   (PCR):-    
 
    '        

               
      ,       
        ,      , 
   ,      
 ,     
 - , VIF,  , 
       ,  -     
      ,     ,    , 
  ,           
  ,            
             
 ,      -        - 


2.
.      ,     ?
:    
 
     ,         
()    ()         
            -    
X        -          
  ,        
1.   
-              
   :
   :         
     
 
- :  , ,       
 ,          
 
 :          
  
  :          
  -       
  :      
   -  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :        ""   
          
2.   
    
,      
 
   :OLS        ,  
 
 (  -  
)
  :     
 , 
  -     
  :
     , 
 (  if  )     
   :     ,   X 
      
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :        ,      
   
3.   
          :
a)  
          
 -          ,  
   
b) - 
           
 :   ( )
    ,      
c)   
          

     /- '  - 
    '
d) - 
            
     '   ,      
e)   /  
      '  -   
    
 
4.   
  ,    '  ,     :
:           

  :-      (
,     )
      (WLS):      

2.
5.  



 , - ,  ,  

   ,   ,  

 ,  -, ', -, /

 ,   ,   - 
 
     -    
   ,  ,        
 OLS       


     -, ',  -  
       
  ,   ,    -   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :       
,  
     
        
  
 
.    ?       
 '  
:            
               
  
,             ,  
     -    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
          
     ?
               
              
      
            ,     

      
2.
󷄧󼿒   ?
   (DLM)         ( 
)          (  )     '
  ,     '    
 :
   =      +      
+        + ...
  ',     
       ( ) 
    
    ,      
     
            
󷄧󼿒  ?'s ?
            
       
       ,           
      '  
󹵋󹵉󹵌    :
       
      
   -    
 :
 
  
  
100%
 
60%
  
36%
 
21.6%
       
2.
󷄧󼿒    's 
          '    , 
            :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  
   :
Yₜ = βXₜ + βλXₜ₋₁ + βλ²Xₜ₋₂ + ...
      :
Yₜ = α + βXₜ + λYₜ₋₁ + uₜ
            
󷄧󼿒 
?'   ?
      
󽇐1.  
 
    ,  10, 20,       
     
      
󽇐2.    
 
         ,  
   
  (     )
     
󽇐3. -   
       '        
2.
:             

 -   ,     
 
       
 
󽇐4.      
          -  - 
 
   :
 '   
    ' 
        
         
󽁔󽁕󽁖     's  
     ,     
   
        
  -  
󽆶󽆷1. - 
     

       (Yₜ₋₁)   ,   
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
:
OLS ( - )        
  ,      
 
2.
󽆶󽆷2.       
          
     - 

 :
         
       
    
 :             
       '   
      


󽆶󽆷3.      
     , 
  :
     
      
     ,           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     
󽆶󽆷4.      )
λ             
 λ 1 →          
 λ 0 →          
λ                 
 
2.
󽆶󽆷5.   
    
  
       ,  
    
          
󽆶󽆷6.   
        
     ?
      ,      
󷄧󼿒
              
      -    ,    
 
 :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        '  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 - 
 
,        
:
 -   
    
 
      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
                
        -        
2.
    ,          
  '    
       
 
-   ,       
:  ?
 (      )      
   ()          
  ,    
        
           ,        
           ,      
 ,             "" -
  
  , 
           
    ,          
,    (  -  -)     
-   ()
-       
    
   ,  
       
1.   
 ,              ,   
         
 ,   
           
         ,    '   

     ,       - 
 -  
2.   
2.
        
  ,  -   
 ,       
 -     , 
         
3. -  ( )
      '    '   
   :
 
  
 
                

 
4.    
       (        ),   
   '    ,    -  
5.  
          -     ,  
          
6.   
        - , , ,  
  ,         
-     
2.

 -     
 ,     
              
 
1. -  (  )
- (DW)             
    :
  -     
DW  0  4   :
 2 →  - 
0    -
4    -
:
            ,  DW  0 
,    -   
:
  
   
  '    
:
  ' -  -    
         

2.  
     
    '  :
       - 
 
    (     ) → -   

2.
   '  
,        
3. - 
       
 
 ?
- -   
 
           
   ,        - 
   
4.  
 
              
   (+ )        ,   -  
 
-   
?
   ,       - 
    
 -    :
󷄧󼿒       
󽆱     
󽆱     
󽆱   
 
󽆱     
  ,          '   
-   
2.
      -           ' 

1.     
       ,      
 :
    
   
  '  
  -      
2.  
 ,      
  :

:
ₜ₋₁
 -   
    -    
3.     
         
 
 :
 
- 
  
2.
 -    ' - 
 
4.    (GLS)   
 -   ,      (OLS)   GLS
   
GLS   -     ,    
 
5. - 
        ' -       
 -      
       
 
   ,         
6.    
      -          

   -
      :
 -:
             
 
 
 -:
            
 
 
    -   
2.

              
             
,  
 
         
     ,   , - ,   
     ,   -   - ,  -
,  ,    -        
     ',    ,  ,  
 ,      ,  -  
   
    
    , -           
     ,          , 
   ,            
 
"              
 
       ,       
 "